Historiographical approaches to biogeography: a critical review.

We performed a critical review of the historiographical studies on biogeography. We began with the pioneering works of Augustin and Alphonse de Candolle. Then, we analyzed the historical accounts of biogeography developed by (1) Martin Fichman and his history on the extensionism-permanentism debate; (2) Gareth Nelson and his critique of the Neo-Darwinian historiography of biogeography; (3) Ernst Mayr, with his dispersalist viewpoint; (4) Alan Richardson, who wrote a microhistory on the biogeographic model constructed by Darwin; (5) Michael Paul Kinch and the ideas discussed in the 19th century about the geographical distribution of living beings; (6) Janet Browne, who highlighted the importance of the pre-Darwinian naturalists; (7) Peter Bowler, who focused mainly on the influence of paleontology on biogeography; (8) James Larson, who looked into the practices of the naturalists of Northern Europe in the late 18th century; and (9) Malte Ebach, who like Larson, was more interested in analysing the practices rather than the ideas of naturalists who studied the geographical distribution of organisms. Finally, these works are compared with each other. There has not been a dominant paradigm in the construction of historical narratives of biogeography; however, they provide a useful context for understanding problems of biogeography that continue to be debated to this day.

La influencia del Darwinismo sobre los conceptos raciales en México / The influence of Darwinism on racial concepts in Mexico

Se ha señalado reiteradamente que Vicente Riva Palacio y Andrés Molina Enríquez fueron influidos por las ideas de Darwin al desarrollar sus propios conceptos raciales sobre el mestizo mexicano. Sin embargo, después de analizar dichas ideas tanto en su contexto biológico original como en el ámbito social al que fueron trasplantadas, concluimos que tal afirmación solo puede aceptarse en un sentido laxo. Su tesis sobre la superioridad del mestizo se sustentó más en concepciones lineales de la evolución y en mixtificaciones propias que en el modelo darwinista de selección natural. Conocer las repercusiones del darwinismo fuera de su ámbito original contribuye a entender cómo se dio el complejo e inevitable interjuego entre ciencia, sociedad y política. Aunque la apropiación que hicieron Riva Palacio y Molina de las ideas darwinistas no tuvo rigor conceptual ni metodológico, contribuyó a la construcción ideológica del mestizo como una raza evolutivamente avanzada. Esta tesis contrasta con la que prevaleció en otros países latinoamericanos, donde se concibió al mestizo como la personificación de la degeneración racial (AU)

It has been repeatedly pointed out that Vicente Riva Palacio and Andrés Molina Enríquez were influenced by Darwin’s ideas to develop their own racial concepts regarding the Mexican half-blood. However, after analysing said ideas both in their original biological context as in the social context they were transferred to, it is concluded that this affirmation can only be accepted sensu lato. Their thesis about the superiority of the half-blood is more strongly based on lineal conceptions of evolution and their own alterations than in the Darwinist model of natural selection. It is important to know the influence of Darwinism outside its original context as it helps to understand how the complex and unavoidable exchanges among science, society and politics occurred. Their appropriation of the Darwinist ideas may not be conceptually or methodologically accurate, but it contributed to the ideological construction of the half-blood as an advanced race in terms of evolution. This thesis contrasts with the most prevailing one in other Latin American countries, where the half-bloods were perceived as the personification of a racial degeneration (AU)